earwigbot/earwigbot/wiki/site.py

# -*- coding: utf-8  -*-
#
# Copyright (C) 2009-2012 by Ben Kurtovic <ben.kurtovic@verizon.net>
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
# SOFTWARE.

from cookielib import CookieJar
from gzip import GzipFile
from json import loads
from logging import getLogger, NullHandler
from os.path import expanduser
from re import escape as re_escape, match as re_match
from StringIO import StringIO
from threading import Lock
from time import sleep, time
from urllib import quote_plus
from urllib2 import build_opener, HTTPCookieProcessor, URLError
from urlparse import urlparse

try:
    import oursql
except ImportError:
    oursql = None

from earwigbot import exceptions
from earwigbot.wiki import constants
from earwigbot.wiki.category import Category
from earwigbot.wiki.page import Page
from earwigbot.wiki.user import User

__all__ = ["Site"]

class Site(object):
    """
    **EarwigBot: Wiki Toolset: Site**

    Represents a site, with support for API queries and returning
    :py:class:`~earwigbot.wiki.page.Page`,
    :py:class:`~earwigbot.wiki.user.User`,
    and :py:class:`~earwigbot.wiki.category.Category` objects. The constructor
    takes a bunch of arguments and you probably won't need to call it directly,
    rather :py:meth:`wiki.get_site() <earwigbot.wiki.sitesdb.SitesDB.get_site>`
    for returning :py:class:`Site`
    instances, :py:meth:`wiki.add_site()
    <earwigbot.wiki.sitesdb.SitesDB.add_site>` for adding new ones to our
    database, and :py:meth:`wiki.remove_site()
    <earwigbot.wiki.sitesdb.SitesDB.remove_site>` for removing old ones from
    our database, should suffice.

    *Attributes:*

    - :py:attr:`name`:    the site's name (or "wikiid"), like ``"enwiki"``
    - :py:attr:`project`: the site's project name, like ``"wikipedia"``
    - :py:attr:`lang`:    the site's language code, like ``"en"``
    - :py:attr:`domain`:  the site's web domain, like ``"en.wikipedia.org"``
    - :py:attr:`url`:     the site's URL, like ``"https://en.wikipedia.org"``

    *Public methods:*

    - :py:meth:`api_query`:            does an API query with kwargs as params
    - :py:meth:`sql_query`:            does an SQL query and yields its results
    - :py:meth:`get_replag`:           estimates the database replication lag
    - :py:meth:`namespace_id_to_name`: returns names associated with an NS id
    - :py:meth:`namespace_name_to_id`: returns the ID associated with a NS name
    - :py:meth:`get_page`:             returns a Page for the given title
    - :py:meth:`get_category`:         returns a Category for the given title
    - :py:meth:`get_user`:             returns a User object for the given name
    """

    def __init__(self, name=None, project=None, lang=None, base_url=None,
                 article_path=None, script_path=None, sql=None,
                 namespaces=None, login=(None, None), cookiejar=None,
                 user_agent=None, use_https=False, assert_edit=None,
                 maxlag=None, wait_between_queries=3, logger=None,
                 search_config=(None, None)):
        """Constructor for new Site instances.

        This probably isn't necessary to call yourself unless you're building a
        Site that's not in your config and you don't want to add it - normally
        all you need is wiki.get_site(name), which creates the Site for you
        based on your config file and the sites database. We accept a bunch of
        kwargs, but the only ones you really "need" are *base_url* and
        *script_path*; this is enough to figure out an API url. *login*, a
        tuple of (username, password), is highly recommended. *cookiejar will
        be used to store cookies, and we'll use a normal CookieJar if none is
        given.

        First, we'll store the given arguments as attributes, then set up our
        URL opener. We'll load any of the attributes that weren't given from
        the API, and then log in if a username/pass was given and we aren't
        already logged in.
        """
        # Attributes referring to site information, filled in by an API query
        # if they are missing (and an API url can be determined):
        self._name = name
        self._project = project
        self._lang = lang
        self._base_url = base_url
        self._article_path = article_path
        self._script_path = script_path
        self._namespaces = namespaces

        # Attributes used for API queries:
        self._use_https = use_https
        self._assert_edit = assert_edit
        self._maxlag = maxlag
        self._wait_between_queries = wait_between_queries
        self._max_retries = 6
        self._last_query_time = 0
        self._api_lock = Lock()

        # Attributes used for SQL queries:
        self._sql_data = sql
        self._sql_conn = None
        self._sql_lock = Lock()

        # Attribute used in copyright violation checks (see CopyrightMixIn):
        self._search_config = search_config

        # Set up cookiejar and URL opener for making API queries:
        if cookiejar:
            self._cookiejar = cookiejar
        else:
            self._cookiejar = CookieJar()
        if not user_agent:
            user_agent = constants.USER_AGENT  # Set default UA
        self._opener = build_opener(HTTPCookieProcessor(self._cookiejar))
        self._opener.addheaders = [("User-Agent", user_agent),
                                   ("Accept-Encoding", "gzip")]

        # Get all of the above attributes that were not specified as arguments:
        self._load_attributes()

        # Set up our internal logger:
        if logger:
            self._logger = logger
        else:  # Just set up a null logger to eat up our messages:
            self._logger = getLogger("earwigbot.wiki")
            self._logger.addHandler(NullHandler())

        # If we have a name/pass and the API says we're not logged in, log in:
        self._login_info = name, password = login
        if name and password:
            logged_in_as = self._get_username_from_cookies()
            if not logged_in_as or name != logged_in_as:
                self._login(login)

    def __repr__(self):
        """Return the canonical string representation of the Site."""
        res = ", ".join((
            "Site(name={_name!r}", "project={_project!r}", "lang={_lang!r}",
            "base_url={_base_url!r}", "article_path={_article_path!r}",
            "script_path={_script_path!r}", "use_https={_use_https!r}",
            "assert_edit={_assert_edit!r}", "maxlag={_maxlag!r}",
            "sql={_sql_data!r}", "login={0}", "user_agent={2!r}",
            "cookiejar={1})"))
        name, password = self._login_info
        login = "({0}, {1})".format(repr(name), "hidden" if password else None)
        cookies = self._cookiejar.__class__.__name__
        try:
            cookies += "({0!r})".format(self._cookiejar.filename)
        except AttributeError:
            cookies += "()"
        agent = self._opener.addheaders[0][1]
        return res.format(login, cookies, agent, **self.__dict__)

    def __str__(self):
        """Return a nice string representation of the Site."""
        res = "<Site {0} ({1}:{2}) at {3}>"
        return res.format(self.name, self.project, self.lang, self.domain)

    def _unicodeify(self, value, encoding="utf8"):
        """Return input as unicode if it's not unicode to begin with."""
        if isinstance(value, unicode):
            return value
        return unicode(value, encoding)

    def _urlencode_utf8(self, params):
        """Implement urllib.urlencode() with support for unicode input."""
        enc = lambda s: s.encode("utf8") if isinstance(s, unicode) else str(s)
        args = []
        for key, val in params.iteritems():
            key = quote_plus(enc(key))
            val = quote_plus(enc(val))
            args.append(key + "=" + val)
        return "&".join(args)

    def _api_query(self, params, tries=0, wait=5):
        """Do an API query with *params* as a dict of parameters.

        See the documentation for :py:meth:`api_query` for full implementation
        details.
        """
        since_last_query = time() - self._last_query_time  # Throttling support
        if since_last_query < self._wait_between_queries:
            wait_time = self._wait_between_queries - since_last_query
            log = "Throttled: waiting {0} seconds".format(round(wait_time, 2))
            self._logger.debug(log)
            sleep(wait_time)
        self._last_query_time = time()

        url, data = self._build_api_query(params)
        self._logger.debug("{0} -> {1}".format(url, data))

        try:
            response = self._opener.open(url, data)
        except URLError as error:
            if hasattr(error, "reason"):
                e = "API query failed: {0}.".format(error.reason)
            elif hasattr(error, "code"):
                e = "API query failed: got an error code of {0}."
                e = e.format(error.code)
            else:
                e = "API query failed."
            raise exceptions.SiteAPIError(e)

        result = response.read()
        if response.headers.get("Content-Encoding") == "gzip":
            stream = StringIO(result)
            gzipper = GzipFile(fileobj=stream)
            result = gzipper.read()

        return self._handle_api_query_result(result, params, tries, wait)

    def _build_api_query(self, params):
        """Given API query params, return the URL to query and POST data."""
        if not self._base_url or self._script_path is None:
            e = "Tried to do an API query, but no API URL is known."
            raise exceptions.SiteAPIError(e)

        url = ''.join((self.url, self._script_path, "/api.php"))
        params["format"] = "json"  # This is the only format we understand
        if self._assert_edit:  # If requested, ensure that we're logged in
            params["assert"] = self._assert_edit
        if self._maxlag:  # If requested, don't overload the servers
            params["maxlag"] = self._maxlag

        data = self._urlencode_utf8(params)
        return url, data

    def _handle_api_query_result(self, result, params, tries, wait):
        """Given the result of an API query, attempt to return useful data."""
        try:
            res = loads(result)  # Try to parse as a JSON object
        except ValueError:
            e = "API query failed: JSON could not be decoded."
            raise exceptions.SiteAPIError(e)

        try:
            code = res["error"]["code"]
            info = res["error"]["info"]
        except (TypeError, KeyError):  # Having these keys indicates a problem
            return res  # All is well; return the decoded JSON

        if code == "maxlag":  # We've been throttled by the server
            if tries >= self._max_retries:
                e = "Maximum number of retries reached ({0})."
                raise exceptions.SiteAPIError(e.format(self._max_retries))
            tries += 1
            msg = 'Server says "{0}"; retrying in {1} seconds ({2}/{3})'
            self._logger.info(msg.format(info, wait, tries, self._max_retries))
            sleep(wait)
            return self._api_query(params, tries=tries, wait=wait*2)
        else:  # Some unknown error occurred
            e = 'API query failed: got error "{0}"; server says: "{1}".'
            error = exceptions.SiteAPIError(e.format(code, info))
            error.code, error.info = code, info
            raise error

    def _load_attributes(self, force=False):
        """Load data about our Site from the API.

        This function is called by __init__() when one of the site attributes
        was not given as a keyword argument. We'll do an API query to get the
        missing data, but only if there actually *is* missing data.

        Additionally, you can call this with *force* set to True to forcibly
        reload all attributes.
        """
        # All attributes to be loaded, except _namespaces, which is a special
        # case because it requires additional params in the API query:
        attrs = [self._name, self._project, self._lang, self._base_url,
            self._article_path, self._script_path]

        params = {"action": "query", "meta": "siteinfo", "siprop": "general"}

        if not self._namespaces or force:
            params["siprop"] += "|namespaces|namespacealiases"
            result = self.api_query(**params)
            self._load_namespaces(result)
        elif all(attrs):  # Everything is already specified and we're not told
            return        # to force a reload, so do nothing
        else:  # We're only loading attributes other than _namespaces
            result = self.api_query(**params)

        res = result["query"]["general"]
        self._name = res["wikiid"]
        self._project = res["sitename"].lower()
        self._lang = res["lang"]
        self._base_url = res["server"]
        self._article_path = res["articlepath"]
        self._script_path = res["scriptpath"]

    def _load_namespaces(self, result):
        """Fill self._namespaces with a dict of namespace IDs and names.

        Called by _load_attributes() with API data as *result* when
        self._namespaces was not given as an kwarg to __init__().
        """
        self._namespaces = {}

        for namespace in result["query"]["namespaces"].values():
            ns_id = namespace["id"]
            name = namespace["*"]
            try:
                canonical = namespace["canonical"]
            except KeyError:
                self._namespaces[ns_id] = [name]
            else:
                if name != canonical:
                    self._namespaces[ns_id] = [name, canonical]
                else:
                    self._namespaces[ns_id] = [name]

        for namespace in result["query"]["namespacealiases"]:
            ns_id = namespace["id"]
            alias = namespace["*"]
            self._namespaces[ns_id].append(alias)

    def _get_cookie(self, name, domain):
        """Return the named cookie unless it is expired or doesn't exist."""
        for cookie in self._cookiejar:
            if cookie.name == name and cookie.domain == domain:
                if cookie.is_expired():
                    break
                return cookie

    def _get_username_from_cookies(self):
        """Try to return our username based solely on cookies.

        First, we'll look for a cookie named self._name + "Token", like
        "enwikiToken". If it exists and isn't expired, we'll assume it's valid
        and try to return the value of the cookie self._name + "UserName" (like
        "enwikiUserName"). This should work fine on wikis without single-user
        login.

        If `enwikiToken` doesn't exist, we'll try to find a cookie named
        `centralauth_Token`. If this exists and is not expired, we'll try to
        return the value of `centralauth_User`.

        If we didn't get any matches, we'll return None. Our goal here isn't to
        return the most likely username, or what we *want* our username to be
        (for that, we'd do self._login_info[0]), but rather to get our current
        username without an unnecessary ?action=query&meta=userinfo API query.
        """
        name = ''.join((self._name, "Token"))
        cookie = self._get_cookie(name, self.domain)

        if cookie:
            name = ''.join((self._name, "UserName"))
            user_name = self._get_cookie(name, self.domain)
            if user_name:
                return user_name.value

        name = "centralauth_Token"
        for cookie in self._cookiejar:
            if not cookie.domain_initial_dot or cookie.is_expired():
                continue
            if cookie.name != name:
                continue
            # Build a regex that will match domains this cookie affects:
            search = ''.join(("(.*?)", re_escape(cookie.domain)))
            if re_match(search, self.domain):  # Test it against our site
                user_name = self._get_cookie("centralauth_User", cookie.domain)
                if user_name:
                    return user_name.value

    def _get_username_from_api(self):
        """Do a simple API query to get our username and return it.

        This is a reliable way to make sure we are actually logged in, because
        it doesn't deal with annoying cookie logic, but it results in an API
        query that is unnecessary in some cases.

        Called by _get_username() (in turn called by get_user() with no
        username argument) when cookie lookup fails, probably indicating that
        we are logged out.
        """
        result = self.api_query(action="query", meta="userinfo")
        return result["query"]["userinfo"]["name"]

    def _get_username(self):
        """Return the name of the current user, whether logged in or not.

        First, we'll try to deduce it solely from cookies, to avoid an
        unnecessary API query. For the cookie-detection method, see
        _get_username_from_cookies()'s docs.

        If our username isn't in cookies, then we're probably not logged in, or
        something fishy is going on (like forced logout). In this case, do a
        single API query for our username (or IP address) and return that.
        """
        name = self._get_username_from_cookies()
        if name:
            return name
        return self._get_username_from_api()

    def _save_cookiejar(self):
        """Try to save our cookiejar after doing a (normal) login or logout.

        Calls the standard .save() method with no filename. Don't fret if our
        cookiejar doesn't support saving (CookieJar raises AttributeError,
        FileCookieJar raises NotImplementedError) or no default filename was
        given (LWPCookieJar and MozillaCookieJar raise ValueError).
        """
        try:
            self._cookiejar.save()
        except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError, ValueError):
            pass

    def _login(self, login, token=None, attempt=0):
        """Safely login through the API.

        Normally, this is called by __init__() if a username and password have
        been provided and no valid login cookies were found. The only other
        time it needs to be called is when those cookies expire, which is done
        automatically by api_query() if a query fails.

        Recent versions of MediaWiki's API have fixed a CSRF vulnerability,
        requiring login to be done in two separate requests. If the response
        from from our initial request is "NeedToken", we'll do another one with
        the token. If login is successful, we'll try to save our cookiejar.

        Raises LoginError on login errors (duh), like bad passwords and
        nonexistent usernames.

        *login* is a (username, password) tuple. *token* is the token returned
        from our first request, and *attempt* is to prevent getting stuck in a
        loop if MediaWiki isn't acting right.
        """
        name, password = login
        if token:
            result = self.api_query(action="login", lgname=name,
                                    lgpassword=password, lgtoken=token)
        else:
            result = self.api_query(action="login", lgname=name,
                                    lgpassword=password)

        res = result["login"]["result"]
        if res == "Success":
            self._save_cookiejar()
        elif res == "NeedToken" and attempt == 0:
            token = result["login"]["token"]
            return self._login(login, token, attempt=1)
        else:
            if res == "Illegal":
                e = "The provided username is illegal."
            elif res == "NotExists":
                e = "The provided username does not exist."
            elif res == "EmptyPass":
                e = "No password was given."
            elif res == "WrongPass" or res == "WrongPluginPass":
                e = "The given password is incorrect."
            else:
                e = "Couldn't login; server says '{0}'.".format(res)
            raise exceptions.LoginError(e)

    def _logout(self):
        """Safely logout through the API.

        We'll do a simple API request (api.php?action=logout), clear our
        cookiejar (which probably contains now-invalidated cookies) and try to
        save it, if it supports that sort of thing.
        """
        self.api_query(action="logout")
        self._cookiejar.clear()
        self._save_cookiejar()

    def _sql_connect(self, **kwargs):
        """Attempt to establish a connection with this site's SQL database.

        oursql.connect() will be called with self._sql_data as its kwargs.
        Any kwargs given to this function will be passed to connect() and will
        have precedence over the config file.

        Will raise SQLError() if the module "oursql" is not available. oursql
        may raise its own exceptions (e.g. oursql.InterfaceError) if it cannot
        establish a connection.
        """
        if not oursql:
            e = "Module 'oursql' is required for SQL queries."
            raise exceptions.SQLError(e)

        args = self._sql_data
        for key, value in kwargs.iteritems():
            args[key] = value

        if "read_default_file" not in args and "user" not in args and "passwd" not in args:
            args["read_default_file"] = expanduser("~/.my.cnf")

        if "autoping" not in args:
            args["autoping"] = True

        if "autoreconnect" not in args:
            args["autoreconnect"] = True

        self._sql_conn = oursql.connect(**args)

    @property
    def name(self):
        """The Site's name (or "wikiid" in the API), like ``"enwiki"``."""
        return self._name

    @property
    def project(self):
        """The Site's project name in lowercase, like ``"wikipedia"``."""
        return self._project

    @property
    def lang(self):
        """The Site's language code, like ``"en"`` or ``"es"``."""
        return self._lang

    @property
    def domain(self):
        """The Site's web domain, like ``"en.wikipedia.org"``."""
        return urlparse(self._base_url).netloc

    @property
    def url(self):
        """The Site's full base URL, like ``"https://en.wikipedia.org"``."""
        url = self._base_url
        if url.startswith("//"):  # Protocol-relative URLs from 1.18
            if self._use_https:
                url = "https:" + url
            else:
                url = "http:" + url
        return url

    def api_query(self, **kwargs):
        """Do an API query with `kwargs` as the parameters.

        This will first attempt to construct an API url from
        :py:attr:`self._base_url` and :py:attr:`self._script_path`. We need
        both of these, or else we'll raise
        :py:exc:`~earwigbot.exceptions.SiteAPIError`. If
        :py:attr:`self._base_url` is protocol-relative (introduced in MediaWiki
        1.18), we'll choose HTTPS only if :py:attr:`self._user_https` is
        ``True``, otherwise HTTP.

        We'll encode the given params, adding ``format=json`` along the way, as
        well as ``&assert=`` and ``&maxlag=`` based on
        :py:attr:`self._assert_edit` and :py:attr:`_maxlag` respectively.
        Additionally, we'll sleep a bit if the last query was made fewer than
        :py:attr:`self._wait_between_queries` seconds ago. The request is made
        through :py:attr:`self._opener`, which has cookie support
        (:py:attr:`self._cookiejar`), a ``User-Agent``
        (:py:const:`earwigbot.wiki.constants.USER_AGENT`), and
        ``Accept-Encoding`` set to ``"gzip"``.

        Assuming everything went well, we'll gunzip the data (if compressed),
        load it as a JSON object, and return it.

        If our request failed for some reason, we'll raise
        :py:exc:`~earwigbot.exceptions.SiteAPIError` with details. If that
        reason was due to maxlag, we'll sleep for a bit and then repeat the
        query until we exceed :py:attr:`self._max_retries`.

        There is helpful MediaWiki API documentation at `MediaWiki.org
        <http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API>`_.
        """
        with self._api_lock:
            return self._api_query(kwargs)

    def sql_query(self, query, params=(), plain_query=False, dict_cursor=False,
                  cursor_class=None, show_table=False):
        """Do an SQL query and yield its results.

        If *plain_query* is ``True``, we will force an unparameterized query.
        Specifying both *params* and *plain_query* will cause an error. If
        *dict_cursor* is ``True``, we will use :py:class:`oursql.DictCursor` as
        our cursor, otherwise the default :py:class:`oursql.Cursor`. If
        *cursor_class* is given, it will override this option. If *show_table*
        is True, the name of the table will be prepended to the name of the
        column. This will mainly affect an :py:class:`~oursql.DictCursor`.

        Example usage::

            >>> query = "SELECT user_id, user_registration FROM user WHERE user_name = ?"
            >>> params = ("The Earwig",)
            >>> result1 = site.sql_query(query, params)
            >>> result2 = site.sql_query(query, params, dict_cursor=True)
            >>> for row in result1: print row
            (7418060L, '20080703215134')
            >>> for row in result2: print row
            {'user_id': 7418060L, 'user_registration': '20080703215134'}

        This may raise :py:exc:`~earwigbot.exceptions.SQLError` or one of
        oursql's exceptions (:py:exc:`oursql.ProgrammingError`,
        :py:exc:`oursql.InterfaceError`, ...) if there were problems with the
        query.

        See :py:meth:`_sql_connect` for information on how a connection is
        acquired. Also relevant is `oursql's documentation
        <http://packages.python.org/oursql>`_ for details on that package.
        """
        if not cursor_class:
            if dict_cursor:
                cursor_class = oursql.DictCursor
            else:
                cursor_class = oursql.Cursor
        klass = cursor_class

        with self._sql_lock:
            if not self._sql_conn:
                self._sql_connect()
            with self._sql_conn.cursor(klass, show_table=show_table) as cur:
                cur.execute(query, params, plain_query)
                for result in cur:
                    yield result

    def get_replag(self):
        """Return the estimated database replication lag in seconds.

        Requires SQL access. This function only makes sense on a replicated
        database (e.g. the Wikimedia Toolserver) and on a wiki that receives a
        large number of edits (ideally, at least one per second), or the result
        may be larger than expected, since it works by subtracting the current
        time from the timestamp of the latest recent changes event.

        This may raise :py:exc:`~earwigbot.exceptions.SQLError` or one of
        oursql's exceptions (:py:exc:`oursql.ProgrammingError`,
        :py:exc:`oursql.InterfaceError`, ...) if there were problems.
        """
        query = """SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP() - UNIX_TIMESTAMP(rc_timestamp) FROM
                   recentchanges ORDER BY rc_timestamp DESC LIMIT 1"""
        result = list(self.sql_query(query))
        return result[0][0]

    def namespace_id_to_name(self, ns_id, all=False):
        """Given a namespace ID, returns associated namespace names.

        If *all* is ``False`` (default), we'll return the first name in the
        list, which is usually the localized version. Otherwise, we'll return
        the entire list, which includes the canonical name. For example, this
        returns ``u"Wikipedia"`` if *ns_id* = ``4`` and *all* is ``False`` on
        ``enwiki``; returns ``[u"Wikipedia", u"Project", u"WP"]`` if *ns_id* =
        ``4`` and *all* is ``True``.

        Raises :py:exc:`~earwigbot.exceptions.NamespaceNotFoundError` if the ID
        is not found.
        """
        try:
            if all:
                return self._namespaces[ns_id]
            else:
                return self._namespaces[ns_id][0]
        except KeyError:
            e = "There is no namespace with id {0}.".format(ns_id)
            raise exceptions.NamespaceNotFoundError(e)

    def namespace_name_to_id(self, name):
        """Given a namespace name, returns the associated ID.

        Like :py:meth:`namespace_id_to_name`, but reversed. Case is ignored,
        because namespaces are assumed to be case-insensitive.

        Raises :py:exc:`~earwigbot.exceptions.NamespaceNotFoundError` if the
        name is not found.
        """
        lname = name.lower()
        for ns_id, names in self._namespaces.items():
            lnames = [n.lower() for n in names]  # Be case-insensitive
            if lname in lnames:
                return ns_id

        e = "There is no namespace with name '{0}'.".format(name)
        raise exceptions.NamespaceNotFoundError(e)

    def get_page(self, title, follow_redirects=False, pageid=None):
        """Return a :py:class:`Page` object for the given title.

        *follow_redirects* is passed directly to
        :py:class:`~earwigbot.wiki.page.Page`'s constructor. Also, this will
        return a :py:class:`~earwigbot.wiki.category.Category` object instead
        if the given title is in the category namespace. As
        :py:class:`~earwigbot.wiki.category.Category` is a subclass of
        :py:class:`~earwigbot.wiki.page.Page`, this should not cause problems.

        Note that this doesn't do any direct checks for existence or
        redirect-following: :py:class:`~earwigbot.wiki.page.Page`'s methods
        provide that.
        """
        title = self._unicodeify(title)
        prefixes = self.namespace_id_to_name(constants.NS_CATEGORY, all=True)
        prefix = title.split(":", 1)[0]
        if prefix != title:  # Avoid a page that is simply "Category"
            if prefix in prefixes:
                return Category(self, title, follow_redirects, pageid)
        return Page(self, title, follow_redirects, pageid)

    def get_category(self, catname, follow_redirects=False, pageid=None):
        """Return a :py:class:`Category` object for the given category name.

        *catname* should be given *without* a namespace prefix. This method is
        really just shorthand for :py:meth:`get_page("Category:" + catname)
        <get_page>`.
        """
        catname = self._unicodeify(catname)
        name = name if isinstance(name, unicode) else name.decode("utf8")
        prefix = self.namespace_id_to_name(constants.NS_CATEGORY)
        pagename = u':'.join((prefix, catname))
        return Category(self, pagename, follow_redirects, pageid)

    def get_user(self, username=None):
        """Return a :py:class:`User` object for the given username.

        If *username* is left as ``None``, then a
        :py:class:`~earwigbot.wiki.user.User` object representing the currently
        logged-in (or anonymous!) user is returned.
        """
        username = self._unicodeify(username)
        if not username:
            username = self._get_username()
        return User(self, username)